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Английский язык никогда не перестает удивлять! Буквально для любой ситуации у англичан есть свой свод лексических и грамматических правил, а в любом из трех базовых времен, как известно, есть свои ответвления: если взять, например, время Future, то параллельно с ним существует еще и таинственное Future in the Past.
Содержание статьи:
Что такое Future in the Past
Future in the past (будущее в прошедшем) — особая линейка форм англоязычного времени, когда мы говорим о действиях которые, произойдут в будущем времени, но упоминали и говорили о них на момент прошлого.
В большинстве случаев будущее в прошедшем используется в косвенной речи (reported speech), когда кто-то что-то сделал, сказал и т.д.
Правило образования Future in the Past
Все формы времени, которые мы повсеместно используем в обычных временах Future (Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous) в английском языке, остаются такими же, но с одним исключением — вместо привычных нам вспомогательных «will» или «shall», в будущем прошедшем будет «would».
Обратите внимание на формулы, указанные в таблице ниже.
| Future Simple in the Past (Простое будущее в прошедшем) |
I / You / It / He / She / We / They +WOULD+ГЛАГОЛ БЕЗ TO |
| Future Continuous in the Past (Длительное будущее в прошедшем) |
I / You / It / He / She / We / They +WOULD+BE+ГЛАГОЛ БЕЗ TO, НО С ОКОНЧАНИЕМ -ING |
| Future Perfect in the Past (Завершенное будущее в прошедшем) |
I / You / It / He / She / We / They +WOULD+HAVE+ГЛАГОЛ БЕЗ TO, НО С ОКОНЧАНИЕМ -ED / III ФОРМА |
| Future Perfect Continuous in the Past (Завершенно-длительное в прошедшем) |
I / You / It / He / She / We / They +WOULD+HAVE BEEN+ГЛАГОЛ БЕЗ TO, НО С ОКОНЧАНИЕМ -ING |
Future Simple in the Past: Active vs. Passive
Начнем с того, что у Future Simple in the Past есть активный залог (Active Voice), и пассивный залог (Passive Voice).
Для построения последнего нам понадобится:
подлежащее + «be» + глагол с «-ed» на конце, если правильный, или 3 форма глагола, если он неправильный.
Чтобы получше понять, как строить пассив на практике, давайте обратим внимание на примеры, ниже:
Jane told Daniel that she would visit all countries located in Asia someday (Active).
Jane told Daniel that all countries located in Asia would be visited by her someday (Passive).
Джейн сказала Даниэлю, что когда-нибудь посетит все страны, расположенные в Азии.
| Утвердительное предложение (Affirmative sentence) |
Отрицательное предложение (Negative sentence) |
Вопросительное предложение (Interrogative sentence) |
| I + WOULD + CELEBRATE | I + WOULD NOT + CELEBRATE | WOULD + I + CELEBRATE? |
| You +WOULD + CELEBRATE | You + WOULD NOT + CELEBRATE | WOULD + You + CELEBRATE? |
| She + WOULD + CELEBRATE He + WOULD + CELEBRATE It + WOULD + CELEBRATE |
She + WOULD NOT + CELEBRATE He + WOULD NOT + CELEBRATE It + WOULD NOT + CELEBRATE |
WOULD + She + CELEBRATE? WOULD + He + CELEBRATE? WOULD + It + CELEBRATE? |
| We + WOULD + CELEBRATE | We + WOULD NOT + CELEBRATE | WOULD + We + CELEBRATE? |
| You + WOULD + CELEBRATE | You + WOULD NOT + CELEBRATE | WOULD + You + CELEBRATE? |
| They + WOULD + CELEBRATE | They + WOULD NOT + CELEBRATE | WOULD + They + CELEBRATE? |
*celebrate - праздновать
Future Continuous in the Past: Active vs. Passive
Важно запомнить, что у длительного будущего в прошедшем имеется только одна форма, которая употребляется исключительно в активном залоге.
Если жизненно необходимо задействовать в предложении пассивный залог, то в качестве замены можно использовать Future Simple in the Past (Passive).
Однако, стоит помнить, что пассив необходим далеко не всегда, поскольку предложение может выглядеть перегруженным.
Abigail said that her husband would be lecturing his employees at that moment the following day (Active).
Abigail said that her husband's employees would be lectured by him at that moment the following day (Passive).
Абигейл сказала, что ее муж будет отчитывать своих подчиненных в этот момент завтра.
| Утвердительное предложение (Affirmative sentence) |
Отрицательное предложение (Negative sentence) |
Вопросительное предложение (Interrogative sentence) |
| I + WOULD + BE SHAKING | I + WOULD NOT + BE SHAKING | WOULD + I + BE SHAKING? |
| You + WOULD + BE SHAKING | You + WOULD NOT + BE SHAKING | WOULD + You + BE SHAKING? |
| She + WOULD + BE SHAKING He + WOULD + BE SHAKING It + WOULD + BE SHAKING |
She + WOULD NOT + BE SHAKING He + WOULD NOT + BE SHAKING It + WOULD NOT + BE SHAKING |
WOULD + She + BE SHAKING? WOULD + He + BE SHAKING? WOULD + It + BE SHAKING? |
| We + WOULD + BE SHAKING | We + WOULD NOT + BE SHAKING | WOULD + We + BE SHAKING? |
| You + WOULD + BE SHAKING | You + WOULD NOT + BE SHAKING | WOULD + You + BE SHAKING? |
| They + WOULD + BE SHAKING | They + WOULD NOT + BE SHAKING | WOULD + They + BE SHAKING? |
*shake = трясти
Future Perfect in the Past: Active vs. Passive
Для построения пассива в завершенном будущем в прошедшем нам понадобится:
подлежащее + всеми любимый «would» + связка в виде «have been» + смысловой глагол с «-ed» (правильный) / 3 форма (неправильный).
Rebecca confirmed that the team would have finished the presentation by the following week (Active).
Rebecca confirmed that the presentation would have been finished by the team by the following week (Passive).
Ребекка подтвердила, что команда закончит презентацию к следующей неделе.
| Утвердительное предложение (Affirmative sentence) |
Отрицательное предложение (Negative sentence) |
Вопросительное предложение (Interrogative sentence) |
| I + WOULD + HAVE ACHIEVED | I + WOULD NOT + HAVE ACHIEVED | WOULD + I + HAVE ACHIEVED? |
| You + WOULD + HAVE ACHIEVED | You + WOULD NOT + HAVE ACHIEVED | WOULD + You + HAVE ACHIEVED? |
| She + WOULD + HAVE ACHIEVED He + WOULD + HAVE ACHIEVED It + WOULD + HAVE ACHIEVED |
She + WOULD NOT + HAVE ACHIEVED He + WOULD NOT + HAVE ACHIEVED It + WOULD NOT + HAVE ACHIEVED |
WOULD + She + HAVE ACHIEVED? WOULD + He + HAVE ACHIEVED? WOULD + It + HAVE ACHIEVED? |
| We + WOULD + HAVE ACHIEVED | We + WOULD NOT + HAVE ACHIEVED | WOULD + We + HAVE ACHIEVED? |
| You + WOULD + HAVE ACHIEVED | You + WOULD NOT + HAVE ACHIEVED | WOULD + You + HAVE ACHIEVED? |
| They + WOULD + HAVE ACHIEVED | They + WOULD NOT + HAVE ACHIEVED | WOULD + They + HAVE ACHIEVED? |
*achieve - достигать
Future Perfect Continuous in the Past: Active vs. Passive
Как и обычный Future Perfect Continuous, завершенно-длительное будущее в прошедшем не имеет аналога в пассиве. Поэтому для пассива можно использовать Future Perfect in the Past.
My elder sister said that by 2020 she would have been teaching children at the kindergarten for seven years (Active).
My elder sister said that by 2020 children at the kindergarten would have been taught by her seven years (Passive).
Моя старшая сестра сказала, что к 2020 она будет учить детей в детском саду 7 лет.
| Утвердительное предложение (Affirmative sentence) |
Отрицательное предложение (Negative sentence) |
Вопросительное предложение (Interrogative sentence) |
| I + WOULD + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING | I + WOULD NOT + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING | WOULD + I + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING? |
| You + WOULD + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING | You + WOULD NOT + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING | WOULD + You + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING? |
| She + WOULD + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING He + WOULD + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING It + WOULD + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING |
She + WOULD NOT + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING He + WOULD NOT + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING It + WOULD NOT + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING |
WOULD + She + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING? WOULD + He + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING? WOULD + It + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING? |
| We + WOULD + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING | We +WOULD NOT+HAVE BEEN+SCROLLING | WOULD + We + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING? |
| You + WOULD + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING | You +WOULD NOT+HAVE BEEN+SCROLLING | WOULD + You + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING? |
| They + WOULD + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING | They +WOULD NOT+HAVE BEEN+SCROLLING | WOULD + They + HAVE BEEN + SCROLLING? |
*scroll - пролистывать
Заключение
| Future Simple in the Past | I / You / It / He / She / We / They + WOULD + DESCRIBE |
| Future Continuous in the Past | I / You / It / He / She / We / They + WOULD + BE DESCRIBING |
| Future Perfect in the Past | I / You / It / He / She / We / They + WOULD + HAVE DESCRIBED |
| Future Perfect Continuous in the Past | I / You / It / He / She / We / They + WOULD + HAVE BEEN DESCRIBING |
Сегодня мы поговорили о том, как Future in the Past образуется в различных англоязычных временах: Simple, Continuous, Perfect и Perfect Continuous, разобрали примеры и сравнили их употребление в активном и пассивном залоге. Можно считать, что тюнинг знания языка успешно проделан.
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